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Write a critical evaluation of your learning outcome. In your response, consider:
1. Consider the content of this class as they relate to financial acuity and managerial decision making.
2. Base on the course content, discuss the new skills you acquired from this class?
3. How would you apply your new knowledge of your current and/or future profession?

Read all the 7 articles and answer it
1)
FINANCIAL ACUMEN
The 21st Financial systems have been growing with a very high speed, sophistication, and it continues to become a more complex day in day out. Financial understanding, in this case, becomes very important. Financial acumen is the ability to make quick, accurate decisions, thus helping manage organizations’ finances. According to the article “3 financial Acumen skills, You don’t want to ignore”, the article state that it is very critical to strengthening financial understanding through the use of professional courses in today’s economy. The author states that financial acumen can be structured into three major pillars. “The pillars are; financial skills, business quality skills, and global skills” (Amanet, 2019). Financial skills involves fortifying important financial literacy concepts On the other hand, business quality skills are gained by sharpening the ability to work efficiently through managing costs and resources, understanding technological trends, and focusing o process quality, among others. And lastly, global skill involves analyzing the entire market from local, global to the international market to build a sound corporate responsibility strategy.
In another article, “The importance of Business Acumen and human resource marriage,” the author says that any business, whether large or small, must incorporate marriage of effective human resource practices and a strategic business acumen action plan. When HR leaders lack the overall business sense, they will normally struggle (Sexton, 2016).). It is required that a HR professional clearly understands how the business works and what their goals are. The goals must be based on a strong understanding of the market place and technical skills. According to the article, implementing effective business acumen pan and HR helps in building a well-rounded plan. Therefore, a person must understand how profits are generated, what makes a company profitable, which creates growth for a company, and why customers will buy from the company and not the competitors. The articles summarize that business leaders should have a clear market perspective, financial acumen, and business system thinking. Human capital should be armed with a sharp sense of business acumen for the success of the company.
Another article, “Linking Financial Acumen to Business Performance,” elaborates on how financial acumen is pegged on various factors. Some of the factors that have been highlighted as being the most important include the experience gained in the work process, and the other one is continuous learning (Vorbach, 2017). There is a very positive association that exists between financial literacy and financial outcomes. Therefore, this means that, or an organization to become successful, the employees must be well trained and have the required skills t understand what it means for an organization to make a profit.
In a nutshell, financial acuity is a very important aspect in any organization, is it big or small. Every organization must employ financial acumen for it to e successful as it will help employees make sound decisions in their places of work. Financial acuity helps an individual to understand how to make a profit through being able to make the right decisions.
Part 2
SARBANES-OXLEY (SOX)
“The Sarbanes –Oxley Act of 2002 was developed; as a result o financial scandals in the early year 2000s involving publicly traded companies like Enron Corporation and WorldCom” (Al-kake, & Ahmed, 2019). The confidence of the investors was shaken by these frauds which led to many people demanding revamping the regulatory standards. Therefore, the Act would create firm rules for all corporate officers and auditors and imposed more stringent requirements for recordkeeping requirements. The Act contains sweeping measures dealing with financial reporting, conflict of interests, corporate ethics and oversight of the accounting profession, and civil and criminal penalties. The sections below were added.
· 302 contain the responsibilities of corporations to financial reports.
· 401covers periodic reports disclosures
· 404 contains internal controls management assessment
· 409 covers real-time issuer disclosures
· 802 covers penalties for altering documents
· 806 cover protecting for publicly-traded company employees who give fraud evidence
· 902 covers fraud attempts and conspiracies offenses
· 906 covers the corporate financial responsibility
Companies must comply with this Act. The PCAOB has an authority responsible for carrying out investigations and disciplining public accounting companies and people connected with those firms for non-compliance. When violations are found, PCAO can impose appropriate sanctions.
References
Amanet.org. (2019). 3 financial Acumen skills,You don’t want to ignore. Retrieved from: https://playbook.amanet.org/3-financial-acumen-skills-you-dont-want-to-ignore/
Sexton, A. (2016). The importance of Business Acumen and human resource marriage. Retrieved from: https://www.corporatetraining.ie/business-acumen-training/
Vorbach, P. (2017). Linking Financial Acumen to Business Performance; Retrieved from: https://www.academyglobal.com/linking-financial-acumen-to-business-performance/#:~:text=%20Linking%20Financial%20Acumen%20to%20Business%20Performance%20,figures%20against%20the%20current%20budget.%20Are…%20More%20
Al-kake, F. A. K., & Ahmed, D. M. (2019). The Role Of The Sarbanes-Oxley Act (Sox) In Reducing Agency Costs Exploratory Study Of A Sample Of Auditors In The Kurdistan Region Of Iraq. Qalaai Zanist Journal, 4(2), 637-673.:Retrieved from: http://journal.lfu.edu.krd/ojs/index.php/QZJ/article/view/110

2)
Introduction
In this paper, we will be discussing the importance of cash, how it is generated and how it is analyzed and how all this mix up and related to each other to make a firm or a business run smoothly and efficiently without struggling in any way.
Importance of Cash
Cash flow is the backbone of any business, without this, any business will be paralyzed. A business cannot be said to be functioning well if there is no cash flow in it. This cash comes from the incomes gained from sales, loans, investments from outside the business e.g. investors or savings. Cash is also an essential part of a business since it is from it that the business pays its expenses. In a nutshell cash flow is the amount of money coming in or going out of business. Cash generation has been of immense importance in my previous employment. It has helped the business function at its best since the business fulfills all its tasks and paying off its bills at the right time e.g. paying rent, electrical bills, paying workers, etc.
How is cash generation different from the concept of profit and loss (P&L) in accounting?
Profit and loss are a financial statement that shortens the revenue, cost and expenditure got over a certain period of time usually in the quarter part of the year that is after every 4 months. Profit and loss are also equal to income statements (Kent & Bu, 2020). This statement is used to judge a firm’s ability or inability to bring forth profit. It is used to look at the company’s financial ability. So, while the profit and loss concept in accounting focuses more on the business ability or inability to run itself cash generation is a concept that explains the whole system of a business (Afrifa & Tingbani, 2018). It tries to explain how the business gets its fund, that t is the sources, and the way that the business spends the same I different sectors of the same firm and hence helping it run smoothly.
References
Afrifa, G. A., & Tingbani, I. (2018). Working capital management, cash flow and SMEs’ performance. International Journal of Banking, Accounting and Finance, 9(1), 19-43. Retrieved from: https://www.inderscienceonline.com/doi/abs/10.1504/IJBAAF.2018.089421 https://doi.org/10.1111/acfi.12382
Kent, R. A., & Bu, D. (2020). The importance of cash flow disclosure and cost of capital. Accounting & Finance, 60, 877-908. Retrieved from:
PART 2: APPLICATION OF CONCEPTS/FINANCIAL ANALYSIS
Why financial analysis is important in the overall understanding of financial performance in a firm.
Financial analysis is the process of restructuring the given financial document, analyzing it, and changing the errors that are there (Murphy, 2018). This process helps an individual in identifying how cash is used and also in the process of dividing the expenditure to core/normal earnings and transitory earnings. By dividing this information, it will be easy to predict the normal earnings since they are core which means they reoccur every time money is spent compared to the transitory earnings which only occur once in a while (Bunnell, Osei-Bryson & Yoon, 2020). By dividing this simple analysis of business earnings and spending it will be able to help people know the financial performance of the business, these people include directors, investors, and even shareholders by evaluating the normal earnings and the transitory ones and making a judgment basing it on the information on the financial analysis.
It is also important to note that financial analysis has two dimensions in which people who want to come into the business Mato kea judgment and know the financial performance of the business.
RISK ANALYSIS
Analysis of risk detects any underlying debt risk on the firm it does consist of liquidity (cash) and solvency analysis. Liquidity helps in determining if the firm can meet its day to day expenses while going on with its activities using the money that they have. This helps in knowing if the firm has enough cash or not.
PROFITABILITY ANALYSIS
This tries to explain the number of earnings divided equally. I.e. return on capital.
References
Bunnell, L., Osei-Bryson, K. M., & Yoon, V. Y. (2020). Development of a Consumer Financial Goals Ontology for use with FinTech Applications for Improving Financial Capability. Expert Systems with Applications, 113843. Retrieved from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2020.113843
Murphy, K. C. (2018). Understanding the Basic Principles of Accounting: A Case-by-Case Application. Retrieved from: https://egrove.olemiss.edu/hon_thesis/515/

3) Stockholders and Get research paper samples and course-specific study resources under   homework for you course hero writing service – Manage ment Interests
In the organization teamwork is the most crucial thing. This means that the organization should have everyone including the stake holder’s move in the same direction. In most cases, the manager and the stakeholders will always agree in words but not in action. One of the reasons as to why this happens is that the manager has skills that the organization might not possess. In my last organization, there was a policy passed on adding the salaries of management since the organization had met its target that had been a dream for many years. On the other hand, the employees were only given bonuses for one month and that was all. In this case, the people who benefited most were managers while they had less work to do. The organization would have given equal bonuses to both the employees and the organizations. Tschirhart, (1994).
For any organization to be successful, there must be a common interest between the managers and the shareholders and not only in theory but also in actions. This means that the stakeholders can be confident with the decisions that will be made by their managers. This is not a very easy issue to solve but there are various methods through which the problem can be saved. The first method is by giving the managers a sense of ownership by paying them in stock partially. This is the easiest route to align the goals of the two parties. The second method that can be used is closer monitoring of the managers. This means that the employees will closely watch to see that the decisions they have made are being implemented by the managers to the later.
By paying the manager partially b in stock, they will view the operations taking place in the organization at two angles. This means that they will think of a problem as a shareholder and also as a manager. Even if they are making managerial decisions, they will ensure that they are in the best interest of the shareholders. Alternatively, they can do closer monitoring of the manager. That means that the stakeholders have to approve anything before it is done by the manager. The stake holders have to acknowledge the firms objectives and support managers. Rodrigue, (2013).
Application of Concepts/Time Value of Money
As a manager, it is very important to use the time value concept when making any financial decisions. This means that they will put a lot into consideration and determine whether they will invest or they will retain liquid cash. The concept states that the money in hand is better than money promised five years to come. Gitman, (2015). The argument behind this is that the money today can be invested and it can give much more in 5 years. An example, if an individual promises 100 dollars in five years to come or 20 dollars today, it would only be wise to take the 20 dollars since if it is invested, it might give back more than the 100 dollars that had been promised the five years to come. The future value will increase if the present value earns interest over time. As a manager, it is very important to look into the future and what it holds. For this reason, when it comes to huge amounts of investments, the manager before making them should put into consideration the present value of the money and what returns on investments does the future promise. If a deal assumes more will be earned, definitely this is the best decision for the organization. By use of the time value of money concept in decision making, the long term goals of the organization can easily be accomplished. When decisions affecting short term goals, the decision will indirectly and positively affect the long-term goals of the organization. Berti, (1981).
References
Berti, A. E., & Bombi, A. S. (1981). The development of the concept of money and its value: A longitudinal study. Child Development, 1179-1182.
Gitman, L. J., Juchau, R., & Flanagan, J. (2015). Principles of managerial finance. Pearson Higher Education AU.
Rodrigue, M., Magnan, M., & Boulianne, E. (2013). Stakeholders’ influence on environmental strategy and performance indicators: A managerial perspective. Get research paper samples and course-specific study resources under   homework for you course hero writing service – Manage ment Accounting Research, 24(4), 301-316.
Tschirhart, M. (1994). The management of problems with stakeholders.

4)
Part 1: Interest Rates
Macroeconomic Factors Influencing Interest Rates
Various macroeconomic factors influence growth in an economy. Interest rates are part of these macroeconomic factors. Other factors impact the level of interest rates. Three of these macroeconomic factors are the level of inflation, exchange rates, and the level of unemployment in the economy (Tomar & Sisodiya, 2020). When the level of inflation goes up, the level of interest rates goes up as well. One type of inflation is wage inflation. When wages go up, firms incur higher costs and spend more. A higher level of spending by firms results in higher interest rates when borrowing. Another factor that influences interest rates is exchange rates. Inflation pressures result from depreciation in exchange rates. This is because the imports become costlier compared to exports, and the demand for exports goes up. The third factor that influences interest rates is unemployment. This is because when it is high, wage inflation is depressed and therefore inflationary pressure on interest rates is kept low (Tomar & Sisodiya, 2020). The interest rates, therefore, remain low as a result.
Macroeconomic Factors that Greatly Impact the Banking Industry
I have previously worked in the banking industry. Being in the business of lending and borrowing, the macroeconomic factors that the industry was most sensitive to were inflation and interest rates. This is because inflation rates determined the purchasing power of consumers as well as the level of interest rates they charge on loans as well as those made on deposits. Since they deal with money supply and demand in the economy, these two macroeconomic factors greatly impact their operations (Maigua & Mouni, 2016).
Contemporary Factors Affecting the Banking Industry
One contemporary factor that has affected the banking industry is the COVID19 pandemic. This pandemic has slowed down the growth of most economies as well as reduced the purchasing power of customers leading to fewer deposits and hence less earnings for banks. Another factor is unemployment. Most people have lost jobs this season and hence wage inflation is lower. This has therefore reduced the inflationary pressures on the interest rates they charge on their products (Maigua & Mouni, 2016).
References
Maigua, C., & Mouni, G. (2016). Influence of interest rates determinants on the performance of commercial banks in Kenya. International journal of academic research in accounting, finance and management sciences, 6(2), 121-133.
Tomar, D. S., & Sisodiya, V. V. S. (2020). A study of factors affecting interest rate spread with special reference to Indian Public Sector Banks. JIMS8M: The Journal of Indian Get research paper samples and course-specific study resources under   homework for you course hero writing service – Manage ment & Strategy, 25(2), 21-25.
Part 2: Stock Valuation
There are various ways of valuing the stocks of a company. The dividend discount model is one of the ways. It is used to predict the value of a firm’s shares. It assumes that the value of a stock today is equivalent to the total present value of its future dividends. Our company has used this model before in valuing its stock by discounting the possible future dividends payable on the stock (Agosto, Mainini, & Moretto, 2019). In financing, I believe that it is better to use stock rather than bonds. This is because it is riskier and less expensive. For example, if a company issues bonds of $ 1,000 face value whose coupon rate is 8%, it will have to make coupon payments of $ 80 annually until the bond matures. It has to pay the $ 1,000 too on maturity. This is unlike common stock where it does not have to pay dividends and the prices are also lower.
Risk and Return
Every investment contains an element of uncertainty in the returns it promises. This is the risk associated with the investment. To earn the returns thereof, therefore, one has to assume the risk involved. In making financial decisions, it is crucial to understand the level of risk involved in an investment before undertaking it (AlKhouri & Arouri, 2019). This is because it influences the returns that arise from the investment. To incorporate risk and return by using measures such as standard deviation to first measure the level of risk before undertaking a project for my company.
References
Agosto, A., Mainini, A., & Moretto, E. (2019). Stochastic dividend discount model: covariance of random stock prices. Journal of Economics and Finance, 43(3), 552-568.
AlKhouri, R., & Arouri, H. (2019). The effect of diversification on risk and return in the banking sector. International Journal of Get research paper samples and course-specific study resources under   homework for you course hero writing service – Manage rial Finance.
5)_
Capital is the money utilized to fund the daily operations of a business and protect a business from uncertain events. In today’s world, everything is usually uncertain and all entities face a challenge on how to utilize their business resources more efficiently to increase the overall profit. Cost of capital, on the other hand, is the required return that a company must earn before making value. Cost of capital is also the cost of an entity’s funds (both equity and debt). Cost of capital is vital in businesses as it helps in assessing and examining every investment opportunity.
I don’t agree with Harriet. It is not a good idea to rely only on the cost of debt. Although the worth of a leveraged company is greater than that of unleveraged company and the cost of debt is lower than that of equity, relying too much on depts. reduces the confidence of investors because loan payment will affect the company’s cash flow. Investors/shareholders will also view the firm as a risk (Woodruff, 2019). In most cases, they end up being reluctant to make additional investments which is dangerous to a company.
I think that a capital project/investment should have its own exceptional cost of capital rates based on the financing factors to the particular project/investment. Each project has its own uncertainties and risks which means that the rates should be unique.
In the case of risk inherent, project risk arises from the cash flow uncertainty. The uncertainty normally depends on the internal and external conditions: the business risk, the statutory risk, and the market risk that can increase the overall cost or decrease the demand.
We can factor into the analysis the risk of the projects in the following ways:
· Scenario Analysis: In this analysis, the value of a project is evaluated in different scenarios. Get research paper samples and course-specific study resources under   homework for you course hero writing service – Manage ment normally utilizes this analysis particularly when there are potentially unfavorable or favorable occurrences that might affect the project. When conducting the analysis, the executives and the management usually generate several different states of the industry, economy, and the project (CFI, 2017). These states will create distinct scenarios that comprise of assumptions like operating costs, interest rates, inflation, and many others.
· Sensitivity Analysis: In this analysis, the management evaluates the impacts of the independent variable on the project’s NPV and how NPV is quick to respond to the variable. This analysis is vital in examining the riskiness of the project.
· Real Options Analysis: In this analysis, we assess the opportunity cost of abandoning or continuing with the project and make a suitable decision based on the assessment. Companies must choose the right business project. The ability to select the right business project bears a substantial impact on an entity’s growth and profitability. All these are vital to the overall performance of a company.
References
CFI. (2017). Scenario Analysis. https://corporatefinanceinstitute.com/resources/knowledge/modeling/scenario-analysis/
Woodruff, J. (2019). The Advantages and Disadvantages of Debt and Equity Financing. Chron. https://smallbusiness.chron.com/advantages-disadvantages-debt-equity-financing-55504.html#:~:text=Cash%20flow%3A%20Taking%20on%20too,to%20make%20additional%20equity%20investments.

6)
Part 1.
Beta of Microsoft (5y monthly. 0.87)
Beta of Apple (5y monthly 1.35)
Beta of Dell (5y monthly 1.11)
The Beta of an investment security is a measure of the volatility of the returns measured as relative to the entire market. Beta is used in the measuring and assessment of risk and is an integral part of capital asset pricing model (Fabozzi & Francis, 2018). The higher the beta of a company, he higher the risk it faces in the stock market and the higher too the returns expected from it. Beta is thus a description of the activities of the returns of the securities of the company in response to changes in the market. Statistically, it is a representation of the slope of regression of data points. Each of these data points financially represent individual stock returns when they are compared to the entire market.
One of the reasons that the beta of companies differ is how far back whoever is calculating the risk is willing to go. As the number of years that the person is willing to calculate the beta increases then the apparent volatility of the company’s stock in the market will also change. A deep dive in history will prove that the company is more stable compared to when the beta is compared only to one or two previous years where financial change may make it come across as volatile (Pereiro, 2017).
The other reason why the beta of companies differ is the capital structure that is adopted by the firms. This is the main reason for the difference occurring between the better of the company under study and the three other companies. The company under study is not financed by debt while the other companies are to various levels financed by debts and loans. Companies with higher debt financing are said to have a higher beta when compared to those with low debt financing (Pereiro, 2017).
Part 2.
NPV and IRR are both techniques used when it comes to calculating the capital expenditures. The two methods of calculation differ on aspects such as: (a) the outcome where by the results gained from the NPV methods are the dollar value of a project while IRR is the percentage return expected from the products, (b) NPV is a focus on the surplus of a project while IRR regards the point where the cash flow of the company hits breakeven (c) NPV method requires the use of a rate of discount that is difficult to discern because it is based on the risk apparent to the company while the IRR method is simpler because it calculates its return rates with a basis on cash flows (Bora, 2015).
The ultimate goal of companies of maximizing the wealth of their owners is ethical because most investments are done with the view of gaining returns (Singhapakdi et al. 2016). The basis of how ethical a company is should be judged based on the means that it uses to achieve its wealth not because of how much wealth it achieves. We all expect returns from investments and judging companies for doing exactly that can only be considered as setting double standards. Companies that operate while observing ethics of business are proven to be more profitable compared to companies which do not take ethics into account. When all the key factors of an organization are ethical, companies are more likely to be a success in the long term as the companies will operate seamlessly compared to when ethics are not observed. In such a case, the company will be a success in the short run but then it will eventually falter and fail.
References.
Singhapakdi, A., Karande, K., Rao, C. P., & Vitell, S. J. (2016). How important are ethics and social responsibility?‐A multinational study of marketing professionals. European Journal of Marketing.
Bora, B. (2015). Comparison between net present value and internal rate of return. IJRFM, 5(12), 61-71.
Fabozzi, F. J., & Francis, J. C. (2018). Beta as a random coefficient. Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, 101-116.
Pereiro, L. E. (2017). The beta dilemma in emerging markets. Journal of Applied Corporate Finance, 22(4), 110-122.

7)
The cash conversion cycle refers to a metric that is used to express time which is measured in the form of days that it takes for a company to convert its inventory and other resources into cash received from the total sales made (Moss, & Stine, 2015).it is also known as the net operating cycle or the cash cycle. The cash conversion cycle is thus an attempt by companies to analyze how long each dollar that is input into a company is tied to the company until it can be converted into cash received. It is a measurement of the time needed by a company to sell its inventory the time it takes to collect receivables and pay the running bills before penalties can be incurred.
The Cash Conversion Cycle is a quantitative measure that help in the evaluation of the efficiency of the operations of the company and the management. If a company was to take a trend of decreasing CCCs. It would be a good sign because it would imply that the company is able to meet all its bills and all the expenditures on time. A trend of increasing CCCs however imply that the operations of the company are no healthy as the company cannot meet the expenses it has and to collect receivables and as a result, it is being penalized (Moss, & Stine, 2015).
Understanding the CCCs of a company is important when it comes to making decisions about aspects that are essential to invest in. in the case where the company is in need of acquiring capital fast, it becomes essential to have knowledge of the company assets that can be conveted into quick cash. Further, CCCs are an indicator of the health of the company and can be important to predicting the profitability and the returns on investment based on the ability to pay off the bills and sell inventories.
Credit policies are guidelines that are used when setting guidelines and terms that a customer will observe when paying and also establishing a course of action where there is delay on payment. A good credit policy is attributed with; 1) determining the customers that have extended credits 2) setting the payment conditions for parties that have been extended credit to 3) defining the limits to be set on accounts with outstanding credits and 4) outlining the procedure of dealing with delinquent accounts. The credit policy thus establishes how averse to risk a company is with respect to credit extension as well as other policies dealing with monetary issue (Chapman et al. 2014). .
Some business have no credit policies and rarely sell on credit instead preferring to be paid upon purchase by the customer. Such business would not gain any advantage from selling on credit, which is a practice that they do not adhere to in the first place. Other businesses, such as those in the construction industry need to employ a sound policy of crediting and integrate it into their business plans, their monetarily policies and their strategies to manage risk (Chapman et al. 2014).
The construction industry is known for slow and partial payments. Customers not making payment on time will thus increase the strain that is placed on the capital of the business as well as the carrying cost. By adopting good credit policies, the company has the ability to take on bigger projects because it will maintain a positive bank balance and reduce the debts that the company has to write off annually. It also enable the nurturing of strong business relations and sharing the policies of the business with regard to credit creates the impression of professionalism. Knowing the credit policies of a company is important because it enables one to decide on the viable projects to take up and affect the annual returns of the company.
References.
Chapman, C. B., Ward, S. C., Cooper, D. F., & Page, M. J. (2014). Credit policy and inventory control. Journal of the Operational Research Society, 35(12), 1055-1065.
Moss, J. D., & Stine, B. (2015). Cash conversion cycle and firm size: a study of retail firms. Get research paper samples and course-specific study resources under   homework for you course hero writing service – Manage rial Finance.

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