Focus on Epidemiological investigation-reproductive well being studies- Science
Query 1. Step one in any epidemiological investigation is to ____.
Reply: perceive causation set up threat elements observe tendencies and decide if specific ailments are growing or lowering within the inhabitants describe the inhabitants demographically by age, race, intercourse, schooling, and different related indicators
Query 2. One of many vital ideas from the Nuremberg Code is that of ____, which signifies that the topic understands the scope of the examine and might make an knowledgeable resolution to take part.
Reply: knowledgeable consent voluntary consent beneficence major agent
Query three. A illness or situation that impacts a larger than anticipated (regular) variety of people inside a inhabitants, group, or area on the identical time is known as an ____.
Reply: epidemic endemic outbreak epidemic threshold
Query four. The conventional incidence of a illness or situation frequent to individuals inside a localized space is called a(n) ____.
Reply: transmission pandemic endemic epidemic
Query 5. Reproductive well being research ____.
Reply: the function of genetics in illness improvement the incidence and threat elements for illness similar to most cancers, coronary heart illness, and diabetes which can be gradual to develop however span a few years the distribution and threat elements for accidents, both unintended or intentional regular reproductive processes and issues that may happen together with infertility, start defects, and low start weight
Query 6. The course of a illness, if left untreated, is known as ____.
Reply: transmission management measure pure historical past geographic sample
Query 7. Bodily, organic, social, cultural, and behaviors that affect well being are referred to as ____.
Reply: threat elements health-related states brokers determinants
Query eight. James Lind (1716-1794) noticed the impact of time, place, climate, and weight loss plan on the unfold of illness by ____.
Reply: evaluating sick individuals to effectively individuals making use of the germ idea to public well being introducing randomization when conducting scientific trials making use of the germ idea to hygiene practices
Query 9. The side of consistency signifies that ____.
Reply: an growing quantity of publicity will increase the chance the affiliation ought to be suitable with current idea and data the affiliation is constant when outcomes are repeated in research in numerous settings utilizing totally different strategies the findings agree with at present accepted understanding of pathological processes
QUestion 10. The fashionable epidemiologic triangle consists of teams of populations, causative elements, and ____.
Reply: alternate explanations threat elements outcomes coherence
Query 11. For power ailments, the time between publicity and signs is known as the ____ interval, which might vary from a couple of months to a few years.
Reply: latency incubation temporal plausibility
Query 12. Danger elements or exposures that we expect would possibly have an effect on the end result are referred to as ____.
Reply: oblique causes direct causes dependent variables impartial variables
QUestion 13. Figuring out ailments previous to the scientific stage signifies that prevention efforts can start instantly. As a result of the illness is already current, that is an instance of ____ prevention.
Reply: major secondary tertiary quaternary
QUestion 14. The time between an infection and scientific illness is known as a(n) ____.
Reply: a believable interval temporal interval incubation interval latency interval
Query 15. A proportion measured over a time frame is called a ____.
Reply: interval prevalence prevalence proportion level prevalence fee
Query 16. The illustration of a numerator as a fraction of a denominator is called a(n) ____.
Reply: proportion fee incidence fee particular fee
Query 17. Prevalence equals ____.
Reply: incidence instances period of illness incidence divided by period of illness incidence plus period of illness incidence divided by period of illness instances 100
Query 18. Whereas many individuals are used to listening to proportions represented as a share, many inhabitants samples in epidemiology are sometimes introduced per ____.
Reply: 1,000 10,000 100,000 1,000,000
Query 19. By definition, the illness or situation used to establish a case is decided by the ____.
Reply: speculation conclusion prevalence incidence
Query 20. An individual within the inhabitants or examine group recognized as having the actual illness, well being dysfunction, or situation beneath investigation is called a ____.
Reply: particular person time case suspect case proportion
Query 21. The variety of new circumstances of illness in a specified time (normally one yr) divided by the inhabitants “at-risk” to develop the illness is called ____.
Reply: prevalence proportion incidence fee contingency case severity
Query 22. The variety of current circumstances of illness divided by the inhabitants is called ____.
Reply: crude fee particular person time incidence fee prevalence proportion
Query 23. If a bacterium carries a number of resistance genes, it’s referred to as a ____.
Reply: multidrug resistant drug or super-drug multidrug resistant bacterium or superbug resistant bacterium or streptococcus bacterium killer bacterium or lethal bacterium
Query 24. The illness provider of most concern is called a(n) ____, which is an contaminated one who by no means will get clinically unwell, however can transmit the etiologic agent to others.
Reply: wholesome or passive provider pregnant provider convalescent provider energetic provider
Query 25. ____ is the transmission of a illness from mom to youngster throughout being pregnant or supply.
Reply: Horizontal transmission Vertical transmission Lateral transmission Polar transmission
Query 26. There may be ____ within the general crude loss of life fee in the US from the yr 1900 till 1996.
Reply: a particular improve a slight lower hardly any change a transparent decline
Query 27. The likelihood of loss of life on account of infectious illness in sub-Saharan Africa is ____%, however solely ____% in developed international locations, similar to the US.
Reply: 22; 1.1 35; 10 66; 11 50; 22
Query 28. Some of the vital rising issues with the management of infectious ailments has to do with ____.
Reply: lethal parasitic infections antibiotic resistant viral infections antibiotic resistant bacterial infections vaccine resistant viral infections
Query 29. A(n) ____ is an contaminated particular person able to transmitting illness throughout and after scientific illness.
Reply: convalescent provider passive provider energetic provider inactive provider
Query 30 . ____ is the transmission of a illness from individual to individual, and could also be straight from one particular person to a different, or not directly from one particular person by an intermediate merchandise to a different particular person.
Reply: Horizontal transmission Vertical transmission Fast transmission Polar transmission.
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